We all experience moments of distorted thinking, where our perception of reality becomes skewed, leading to feelings of anxiety, depression, or anger. Distorted thinking is common and it can negatively impact our mental wellbeing.
Understanding these thought patterns and learning how to challenge and reframe them can improve our mental health and overall wellbeing. In this blog I’ll explore some of the different types of distorted thinking and provide ways to change these often ingrained thought patterns.
Different Types of Distorted Thinking.
1. All or Nothing Thinking (AKA Black and White Thinking).
This type of thinking involves seeing situations in binary terms, such as "success or failure" or "good or bad," with no middle ground. If something doesn't go perfectly, you might see it and yourself as a total failure. An example of this might be you get a B in an exam (when you wanted or needed an A) and think, ‘I’m a complete failure, my life is ruined and I’ll never succeed in anything again.’
2. Overgeneralisation.
Overgeneralisation involves taking a single event or experience and projecting it onto other similar situations. This type of thinking can often lead to pessimism about ourselves or our circumstances. For example, after being rejected from a job application, you might think, ‘I’ll never get a job, as no one wants to employ me."
3. Mental Filtering.
This involves focusing solely on the negative aspects of a situation while ignoring the positive ones. You ‘filter out’ the positive, leaving only the negative aspects to shape your view. For example, after receiving several positive comments on a presentation and one criticism, you focus on the criticism and forget all about the positive feedback.
4. Disqualifying the Positive.
Similar to mental filtering, this type of thinking involves dismissing positive experiences or feedback by believing they don’t count. For example, after receiving praise at work, you might think, ‘They’re just saying that to be nice, they don’t really mean it.’
5. Jumping to Conclusions.
This involves making negative assumptions without any evidence. It can include other types of thinking like ‘mind reading’ where you assume other people think negatively of you and ‘fortune telling’ where you predict negative outcomes. An example might be where you assume a friend is upset with you without any evidence, or you predict that a project will fail before you’ve even started work on it.
6. Catastrophising.
Catastrophising involves expecting the worst case scenario in any situation, often blowing things out of all proportion. For example, you receive a small criticism at work and start to think you’ll be fired and you’ll never find another job. Or, you experience a minor pain and assume it’s the worst case diagnosis (often googling your symptoms to find more evidence to support your case). Yes, in some cases the reality might be a worse case scenario and this doesn’t mean to
dismiss or diminish those situations, but catastrophising can become distorted when we think this way about most situations.
7. Emotional Reasoning.
This is where you hold the belief that if you feel something so strongly, then it must be true. Here your emotions are dictating your perception of reality. For example, when feeling anxious about a social event, you find yourself thinking, ‘I must be unlikable.’
8. Should Statements.
Using "should," "must," or "ought to" statements can place unrealistic expectations on yourself and lead to guilt or frustration when you aren't able to meet them. For example, ‘I should always be productive’, or ‘I must be a better parent.’
9. Labelling and Mislabelling.
This involves assigning a fixed, negative label to yourself or others, often based on a single incident. For example, you make a mistake and instantly label yourself by thinking, ‘I’m such an idiot.’
10. Personalisation.
Personalisation occurs when you take responsibility for events outside of your control, believing you’re the one to blame for external factors. For example, a friend or colleague is in a bad mood, and you think, ‘It must be because of something I did.’
Strategies for Challenging Distorted Thinking.
1. Identify the Distorted Thoughts.
The first step in changing distorted thinking is recognising when it’s happening. Try keeping a journal of your thoughts, particularly when you feel upset or stressed. Note down which type of distortion you're noticing.
2. Examine the Evidence.
Try and take your ‘thoughts to court.’ Look for any evidence that supports or contradicts your thoughts. Ask yourself, ‘What proof do I have that this thought is true? What proof do I have that it's false?’ This can help you realise that your thoughts may not be grounded in reality. It’s worth reminding ourselves that around 95% of our worries will never come true.
3. Reframe the Thought.
Once you’ve noticed a distorted thought, try to reframe it in a more balanced way. For example, instead of thinking, ‘I always mess up,’ reframe it with, ‘I sometimes make mistakes (as do others), but I also succeed at a lot of things.’
4. Use the ‘Double Standard’ Technique.
Try treating yourself with the same compassion you would offer to a friend. If a friend made a mistake would you call them a failure, or would you offer them your understanding and encouragement? If it’s the latter then try to apply the same level of kindness to yourself.
5. Ask Yourself What You Would Say to a Friend.
Similarly, when you catch yourself in a negative thought pattern, ask yourself what you would say to a friend in the same situation. This can help create a more objective view of your situation through a kinder and self-compassionate perspective.
6. Practice Mindfulness.
Mindfulness involves trying to stay present by observing your thoughts without judgment. By practicing mindfulness, you can become more aware of when you are engaging in distorted thinking and gently try to bring your thoughts back to the present moment.
7. Challenge ‘Should’ Statements.
Try Replacing ‘should’ with ‘could.’ This simple change can make your statements less rigid and help you see them as options rather than burdensome obligations. Instead of saying, ‘I should be better at this,’ try saying, ‘I could improve with a bit more practice.’ Try and hold the belief that if you’ve done your best, then your best is good enough.
8. De-catastrophise.
By asking yourself how likely it is that the worst case scenario will actually happen. If it did happen, what would you do? How would you cope? Often, you'll realise that the situation isn't always as dire as it seems, and you’re also much more resilient than you think.
9. Recognise Emotional Reasoning.
Acknowledge that your emotions are not the facts. Just because you feel a certain way does not mean that it reflects reality. Try to practice separating your emotions from the facts of a situation.
10. Seek Professional Help.
If distorted thinking patterns are significantly impacting your life, then consider seeking help from a mental health professional. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is a particularly effective therapy for identifying and changing distorted thinking.
Distorted thinking can impact negatively on our mental health, but by recognising our thoughts and tendencies and working to challenge and change them, we can create a more positive mindset and improve our general wellbeing.
Be patient with yourself though while you’re working towards a more balanced way of thinking. It takes time to change ingrained thought patterns but becoming aware is often the first step. The journey to mental wellbeing is ongoing, yet every small step you take towards challenging distorted thinking is a step in the right direction.
If you're struggling with a mental health crisis then don't hesitate to call
NHS 111
or contact your GP for support.
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